Briefly, ethylene is perceived by a five-member receptor family including ETR1, ETR2, ERS1, ERS2, and EIN4. A largely putative ethylene signaling pathway from hormone perception at the endoplasmic reticulum membrane to transcriptional regulation in the nucleus was proposed based on genetic and molecular studies. The plant hormone ethylene regulates numerous growth and developmental processes, including inhibition of cell expansion, regulation of seed germination, promotion of leaf and flower senescence, induction of fruit ripening and abscission, and response to pathogens and stress. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are creditedĭata Availability: The pdb file is available from the Protein Data Bank database (accession number 4ZDS).įunding: This work was supported by the National Basic Research Foundation of China ( 2014CB964900 to C.Y.), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China ( 31270838 to C.Y., 21472009 to C.Y.).
Received: JAccepted: AugPublished: September 9, 2015Ĭopyright: © 2015 Song et al. PLoS ONE 10(9):Įditor: Jin-Song Zhang, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CHINA
(2015) Biochemical and Structural Insights into the Mechanism of DNA Recognition by Arabidopsis ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3. Collectively, these data suggest the detailed mechanism of DNA recognition by EIN3 and provide an in-depth view at molecular level for the transcriptional regulation mediated by EIN3.Ĭitation: Song J, Zhu C, Zhang X, Wen X, Liu L, Peng J, et al. Finally, we provide, to our knowledge, the first crystal structure of EIN3 core DBD, which contains amino acid residues essential for DNA binding and signaling. Furthermore, we show that palindromic repeat sequences in ERF1 promoter are not necessary for EIN3 binding. Results from systematic biochemical analyses reveal that both the number of EIN3-binding sites (EBSs) and the spacing length between two EBSs affect the binding affinity of EIN3 accordingly, a new DNA probe which has higher affinity with EIN3 than ERF1 is also designed. Here, we identify EIN3 82–352 and 174–306 as the optimal and core DBDs, respectively. However, our knowledge regarding to the accurate definition of DNA-binding domains (DBDs) within EIN3 and also the mechanism of specific DNA recognition by EIN3 is limited. Gaseous hormone ethylene regulates numerous stress responses and developmental adaptations in plants by controlling gene expression via transcription factors ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3 (EIN3) and EIN3-Like1 (EIL1).
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